Territory holders are more aggressive towards older, more dangerous floaters
نویسندگان
چکیده
Animals that show aggression often risk injury and incur steep energetic costs. Thus, should occur at such times towards opponents as to maximize fitness. We tested hypotheses predicting adaptive territorial in the common loon, a species which ease of observation territory owners floaters (prebreeders) seeking evict them provide rare window onto owner-floater competition. As predicted, older, more competitive (4-year-olds upwards) tended intrude into territories had produced chicks previous year (and, hence, were high quality). Older also showed predicted increases yodeling, lower rate submissive behaviors than younger floaters. Floaters all ages intruded neighboring owners, but avoid with chicks. For their part, yodeled behaved aggressively during chick-rearing, although yodels peaked frequency 2 weeks before aggression, suggesting males young yodel discourage intrusions, employ protect older Territory higher rates yodeling dangerous young, ones. However, pairs did not treat neighbors, overall. Moreover, no spike nor following chicks, perhaps providing social information use target for eviction. are nonbreeding individuals compete future breeders. Yet difficult study because they mostly unmarked, nomadic individuals. Owing extensive efforts capture juvenile loons, we have established large population marked this species. Hence, loons offer investigate settle on breeding territories. found (4 8 years), capable evicting from territories, high-quality less submissiveness intrusions do further discovered aggressive Our findings recognize degree threat posed by each floater differently basis.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1432-0762', '0340-5443']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-022-03131-7